Corporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay - 1888 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility in India - An Effort to Bridge the Welfare Gap Dr.Mahendra Singh Associate Professor and Head department of sociology Madhav University, Pindwara, Sirohi Email Id- mahendrasinghparmar123@gmail.com Abstract Drawing on existing hypothetical and exact writing on the basis behind Corporate Social Obligation (CSR), this paper examinations the potential ramifications of commanded CSR under the as of late sanctioned Companies Act, 2013 in India on firm motivations, likely reactions of corporates that come under the ambit of the law, suggestions for asset accessibility and conveyance of social merchandise, and the prospects and difficulties of executing ordered CSR. Bits of knowledge into these issues are drawn by experimentally analyzing the willful CSR conduct of an example of 500 extensive organizations recorded on the Bombay Stock Exchange for the period 2003-2011 that originates before the new direction. The paper contends that despite the potential monetary costs that may go with commanded CSR, the procurements of the new Act are planned insightfully to adjust the targets of the enterprise and its shareholders from one viewpoint and that of the general public and its partners on the othe r. Be that as it may, tending to the difficulties of usage effectively would decide how far the targets of the new directions are met. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, firm incentives, social welfare, efficiency regulation, enforcementShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN INDIA â€Å"Crossing the Bridge from Knowing to doing† Jasleen Kaur Luthra* â€Å"Successful people have a social responsibility to make the world a better place and not just take from it.† Carie Underwood Abstract The 21st century is characterized by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, arising from globalization, the desire forRead MoreSocial Accounting Practices in India as a Corporate Social Responsibility†2281 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Social Accounting Practices in India as a Corporate Social Responsibility† soniuttranchal@gmail.com Concept: The concept of Social Accounting originated in different forms by Adam Smith in 1776, Later on, Karl Marks and Engel also expressed their views about social costs in 1844. Pigou in 1920 also elaborated the divergence of Social and Private Costs. The concept of social accounting was clearly introduced in the 1970’s and later this concept received serious consideration fromRead MoreCoca Cola Social Responsibility And Sustainability1742 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola Corporate Social Responsibility and sustainability Berlandie Benoit Professor Altamirano Monroe College: King Graduate School Abstract Large companies like Coca-Cola, have always engaged in corporate social responsibilities. The objective of this paper is to determine whether or not Coca-Cola fulfilled their social responsibilities in India. 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The CSR in 1966 was then defined as:â€Å"Social responsibility, therefore, refers toRead MoreHow Businesses Can Incorporate Csr Into Their Business Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagesways businesses can incorporate CSR into their business model. Introduction: Many large corporations are taking corporate social responsibility into account and making it a part of their everyday schedule. Over the past decades, there have been increasing concerns for general society that many businesses have little concern for the consumer and they care nothing about the deteriorating social order. But these days’ companies are encouraging employees to volunteer and make a difference in surroundingRead MoreThe Code Of Corporate Social Obligation Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Corporate social obligation is an administration idea whereby organizations incorporate social and natural concerns in their business operations and collaborations with their stakeholders. CSR is by and large seen as being the path through which an organization attains to a parity of financial, natural and social goals while in the meantime tending to the desires of shareholders and stakeholders. The Indian Companies Act, 2013, which fuses CSR The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has advisedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Sustainability Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Vs Corporate Sustainability in India: A case study on Aditya Birla Group Supriya Agarwal Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now a burning topic in India, which became prominent and most amplified in 2013 when companies were obligated to spend two percent of profit after tax in CSR activities set by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. Although, the concept of CSR is not new in India and has evolved and developed very well from hundredsRead MoreComprehensive Health Data Breach Response Plan906 Words   |  4 PagesName Course Title Date Definition Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the ethical behaviour of a company towards society it operates in. It is a commitment to the concern to the society’s sustainability development. â€Å"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation.† (Johnson et al 2010) CRS in the eyes of some corporates may vary but the underlying principle remains

Analysis of the External Environment of Business 1

Analysis of the External Environment of Business In todays highly competitive market, businesses must be aware of the environment in which they operate and the external factors that influence them. These factors can affect the main internal factors of the business and its objectives or marketing strategies. The external environment is rarely stable and many of the external forces can change quickly and dramatically and are usually beyond a firms control. Although some external factors can pose a threat to a business, they can also create new opportunities. In order to assess their environment, a business may use a PEST analysis structure to evaluate the external influences or macroenvironmental factors that could affect the†¦show more content†¦The quantity of labour can depend on the population size, for example, and the quality of labour can depends on things such as the level of health care, education and training. Also, the age of the population has some bearing on business. The ageing population in which we live is currently having an affect on business as well as creating one in the future. The demographic time-bomb will create an increasingly dependent population, leading to an increase in the demand for healthcare, social services, state pensions and social security arrangements, for example. Businesses are not only influenced by their immediate markets but also by markets at different spatial levels, such as local, regional, national, supranational and international levels. For example, the regional redistribution of the population will affect a wide range of businesses from housing to transport and the local labour market. Local and national factors will be most important for small businesses but larger companies will need to consider the environment in any countries in which they do business, as well as the global scene. Carrying out a PEST analysis may also provide help for businesses when attempting to enter a new market, especially one in another country. Analysing possible social barriers to entry, such as language, dominant religion or different attitudes towards foreign products or services can proveShow MoreRelatedExternal Factors And The Business Model1545 Words   |  7 Pages External Factors and the Business Model In order to build a successful business model, the organization must analyze the business environment for external forces. Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010) discuss the importance of understanding the external factors in the business environment when developing a business model; the organization must be able to adapt quickly to the changing environment. 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Defining Sustainable business philosophies are a system

My Math Difficulties began with Pre-Algebra and Fractions Free Essays

It was the summer before college when I had the best vacation in my life. I never had enjoyed any vacation since the past years. Too bad I became so pre-occupied with take pleasure in this escapement that I lost my penchant for learning. We will write a custom essay sample on My Math Difficulties began with Pre-Algebra and Fractions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Summer was fast ending and I had to pack-up hastily and drive back home. And schooldays are coming. I felt like a lonely cavalier on my college’s first math class. As everyone on the class each has varied high school backgrounds, I found it hard to cope up with the subjects pace. I got a very failing mark on my first quiz. And worse, it went on until the end of the semester. My young freshman mind found it tough to adapt to such a demanding subject. I always had to sleep late at night solving problems and forgetting them when I wake up in the morning. My mouth gaped at the sight of endless assignments and workbooks. Our teacher could see our agony, our pleading eyes hoping she would blow her whistle and let us take a break from the work. Twenty pages of reading and a worn out pencil erase keeps me awake every night. I sweated over those small numbers above and below the fraction line. How could I learn all this and still have time to watch Smallville? This wasn’t a freshman’s usual anxiety. I honestly thought I hated math. What is this subject anyway? Why would I have to really put much time and agony into it? Nightmares would come in numbers dancing across my room. It would torment me just thinking about how bad my day became because of that exasperating pre-algebra exam. It would send me down lurching on the sofa everyday when I get home. Nothing had been that much demoralizing, when the test papers were returned and what you got isn’t even enough to lift your aching pride, what more than to show it to your mom. A research paper, published Anna  Sierpinska, Georgeana  Bobos and Christine  Knipping of Concordia University in Canada(August  2007), tackles about the frustration in students of mathematical courses. Their paper summarizes the reactions of the students and instructors they interviewed. They identified numerous causes of frustration, such as the fast pace of the courses, inefficient learning strategies, the need to change previously acquired ways of thinking, difficult rapport with truth and reasoning in mathematics, being forced to take PMC, insufficient academic and moral support on the part of teachers, and poor achievement (Sierpinska, Bobos and Knipping, 2007). These sources of frustration are discussed from the point of view of their impact on the quality of the mathematical knowledge that students develop in mathematical subjects. All of us go through all of the learning stages but not always on the same timetable (Hood, 1997). Sometimes, other inclinations in us, like music and arts, develop much earlier than the others and we do not fully grasp many mathematical concepts until we reach adulthood. In our course of growing up, we learn through our environment and according to our level of maturity (Hood, 1997). The book â€Å"Taking the Frustration out of Math† by Mary Hood tells us about the three distinct learning styles (auditory, visual and kinesthetic). She relates them to math learning. Along her book, she reminds us that each kid is diverse and that the parent is truly the expert on his/her own child. If a child is not grasping a concept, she recommends putting it aside and working on it again at a later date. Frustrating the child will only make a child hate math. Just because a child should be in a particular stage, does not mean that the individual child is ready for certain concepts. Eventually, he or she will be. Some websites, such as â€Å"Coping with Math Anxiety† offers various ways on coping with math frustrations. It recommends that the primary pace is to identify that math anxiety is an emotional response. And since it is an emotional reaction, it can be in a constructive or unconstructive way. Unconstructive ways comprises rationalization, suppression, and denial. By rationalization, we mean finding reasons why it is okay and perhaps even inevitable, and therefore justified, for you to have this reaction. By suppression is meant having awareness of the anxiety, but trying very, very hard not to feel it. Finally, there is denial. People using this approach probably aren’t likely to see this essay, much less read it, for they carefully construct their lives so as to avoid all mathematics as much as possible (Coping with Math Anxiety, www.mathacademy.com/pr/ minitext/anxiety). The constructive way to manage math anxiety involves making as conscious as possible the sources of math anxiety in one’ own life, accepting those feelings without self-criticism, and then learning strategies for disarming math anxiety’s influence on one’s future study of mathematics (Coping with Math Anxiety, www.mathacademy.com/pr/ minitext/anxiety). I never had much luck on my first college math subject. It took me countless sleepless nights before it dawned on me that I had much more things to prove and accomplish. One time or another, each of us will be haunted by math frustrations. We may take it as a frustration forever, or we could take it as a positive challenge to move on to much greater heights, where our past failure becomes too insignificant. References Printed References: Arem, Cynthia.   Conquering Math Anxiety: A Self-Help Workbook.   Pacific Grove, CA:   Brooks/Cole Publishing, 1993. Burns, Marilyn.   The I Hate Mathematics! Book.   Little, Brown ; Company, 1975. Buxton, Laurie.   Math Panic.   London: Heinemann, 1991. Mary Hood, PhD 1997, Taking the Frustration Out of Math, Elijah Company, January 1, 1997 Online References: Coping With Math Anxiety, (www.mathacademy.com/pr/minitext/anxiety) Professors Freedman’s Math Help (http://www.mathpower.com/) Soloman/Felder’s Learning Styles ; How to cite My Math Difficulties began with Pre-Algebra and Fractions, Essay examples

Admissions free essay sample

Hello my name is Timothy. I would like to attend Hillsborough Community College ( HCC). I want to attend HCC because I like their choice of computer degrees. Some things i like to do is use computers and build programs. My academics in high school were good I maintained a B or C average. My favorite class is science. I always did good in my science classes because I found the material to be easy to learn because it’s very interesting. I tried to take an AP course but I wasnt ready for it.I am a hard worker and when I find myself struggling in the class I ask for help from my teachers. Also all four years of high school I was lucky enough to be included in AVID program. In middle school I was also included in the AVID program, this I feel has helped me learn good study habits. We will write a custom essay sample on Admissions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was in chess club for four years and I was an officer for two. I was a in ROTC for three years and my rank was Second Lt. I decided to leave the program in my senior year to able me to focus on my grade to accomplish a higher GPA.I did a lot of community service, I volunteered at the Morean Art Center in ST. Pete Florida. At the Center I tutored kids in how to draw and create animations on a computer, and how to use a Macintosh Computer. I really enjoyed working with the kids. I volunteered for the Relay for Life through my Avid class in my sophmore year. As I walked the track at Leonard High School, it made me think how much I really care about other people, especially people who are sick.Outside of school I like to hang with friends and play Xbox Live. I work out at Hit KB Fit with a retired marine to better my heath and fitness. I love to hunt wild game and fish both salt and fresh waters. My grandfather owns a gun smith shop and I plan to work for my grandpa as an intern to learn how to be a gunsmith. He’s teaching me how to build guns from scratch and how to take them apart and fix them. My family taught me some great study skills and time management skills that I will use in college. Through my working experience I will be able to have my own money , and show them how responsible I can be. I am looking forward to my independence as a young adult. To wrap up I think I would be a great addition to your college because I have a great personality, I have good working skills, I find myself to be very responsible and people tend to feel comfortable around me. I’ve sent my application in with this essay and I hope I make it into your college because this college is my first choice. Thank you for your time.

Dante And His Inferno Essays - Divine Comedy, Afterlife, Italy

Dante And His Inferno Dante And His Inferno Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages, was born in Florence, Italy, supposedly around May 29, 1265, to a middle-class Florentine family. A year later, on Easter Sunday, he was baptized, later describing this as his first step toward salvation. At an early age, he began to write poetry and became fascinated with lyrics. In 1274, during his adolescence, Dante fell in love with a beautiful girl named Beatrice Portinari. This love of his, though, was in truth simply a lust issue, as they had not actually met more than twice. Unfortunately for Dante, his father passed away in 1283, leaving him yearning for fatherly affection which he later displays in The Divine Comedy: Inferno, as he seems to look toward Virgil for parental affection. During the late 1280's, he served in the military as a cavalryman in the battles of Compagna and Campaldino against the Ghibellines. Shortly after his return in 1290, his beloved Beatrice passed away, leaving him grief-stricken, but still provided much inspiration for his literary works. His first book, Vita Nuova (New Life), was written about her. Sometime before 1294, Dante married Gemma Donati, whom he later had four children with, named Jacopo, Pietro, Giovanni, and Antonia. Dante was active in the political and military life of Florence. He entered the army as a youth and held several important positions in the Florentine government during the 1290's. During his life, Florence was divided politically between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines. The Guelfs supported the church and liked to keep things as they were. The Ghibellines, however, were mostly supporters of the German emperor, and were in power up until the time of Dante's birth. When this took place, the Guelfs, for whom Dante's family was associated, took power. Although born into a Guelf family, Dante became more neutral later in life after realizing that the church was corrupt, believing it should only be involved in spiritual affairs. He joined the Physicians and Apothecaries Guild and soon became a fairly important politician. At the turn of the century, Dante rose from city Councilman to Ambassador of Florence. At this time, the Guelfs had split into two factions, the Black and White Guelfs. T he Black Guelfs supported Pope Boniface VIII and his quest to seize Florence's province; the White Guelfs, however, did not support the Pope. Dante tried to show his neutrality for the groups by exiling the leaders of both factions, which included his brother-in-law and his best friend. Finally in 1302, while Dante was away serving an ambassadorship in the town of Siena, the Black Guelfs and their French allies took over the city. They confiscated Dante's possessions and sentenced him to banishment from Florence, threatening the death penalty upon him if he returned. Dante first traveled to Verona, spending most of his time in exile writing new pieces of literature. Afterwards, he traveled as far as Paris and Oxford before settling in Ravenna in 1319. It is believed that around 1307 he interrupted his unfinished work, Convivio, a reflection of his love poetry philosophy of the Roman tradition, to begin The Divine Comedy. He also wrote a book called De Vulgari Eloquentia, which explained the origins and types of human language and devices of poetry, in addition to his idea to combine a number of Italian dialects to create a new national language. In 1310, he wrote De Monarchia presenting Dante's case for a one-ruler world order. In 1321, Dante was sent by the lord of Ravenna as an ambassador to Venice to settle arguments over trade regulations, and upon his return to Ravenna, he fell sick with Malaria and died on September 13, 1321. Among his works, The Divine Comedy is the most famous and reputable. He began writing it around 1307 and finished it only a short while before his death. In this work, Dante introduced his invention of the terza rima, or three-line stanza, as well as himself as a character. The Inferno is the first of three parts of Dante's epic poem, The Divine Comedy, which depicts an imaginary journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante is the hero, who loses his way in the

Let Them Do It Themselves essays

Let Them Do It Themselves essays Many people throughout the world live in some of the harshest, most despicable living conditions on the earth. Whole countries may have less than a few thousand people that actually live in real houses and eat real amounts of food. Countries like Somalia depend a large amount on whether or not people find it in their heart to donate food, money and clothes to them. There are places like that within our own country, which are the focus of The Promised Land, by Nicholas Lemann. These places are called ghettos. These two scenarios are completely different, despite the fact that Lemann seems to classify them as being the same. Although he doesnt outright say this, he writes as if we as Americans should feel the same way about ghettos as we would about any other poor living conditions. This is shown when he states, The black poor that live in ghettos are among the most poor in the world and ghettos are among the worst places in the world to live. (p 353). I have a problem with th is. Though some may disagree, I feel as though Lemann actually puts people living in ghettos in the same category as those in poverty stricken countries. People who live in poverty-stricken countries live in that condition because for them there is nothing else. Those countries have no jobs available, and if they did, it might be pretty safe to assume that the people would take whatever job they could find. Ghettos in America cannot even compare to the poorest people of other countries. To live in a ghetto assumes that someone actually has a real place to live, whether these ghetto houses and apartments are low quality or not is not the issue because the real worlds poor dont even have ghettos to call their own, or opportunity to find a ghetto to call their own. To get out of life in a ghetto requires a will and some elbow grease, but to get out of life in a poverty stricken country is nearly impossible. When some...

Living the Southwest Way Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Living the Southwest Way - Case Study Example The carrier attributes the effectiveness of its operations to socially fine relationships with its workforces. The purpose of this paper is to examine the human resource (HR) implications of Southwest Airlines merger with Air Tran Holdings in 2011. Southwest focuses principally on point-to-point passenger delivery, as opposed to the more popular hub-and-spoke strategy provided by most American airlines (Wu, 2012). The point-to-point strategy limits delays and total flight time which would otherwise be more tiresome to the crew. This service also enables the employees to enjoy more convenient shifts and better remuneration generated by majority of passengers who prefer low fares (Lorenzetti, 2014). By supplementing high-frequency short-haul fights with newer long-haul services between Los Angeles and Nashville, Las Vegas and Orlando, and San Diego and Baltimore by virtue of more planes and crew, the integrated crews now have the opportunity to enjoy more challenging and shifts. In addition, the airline’s delivery of passengers to downtown airports such as Dallas Love Field, Houston Hobby and Chicago Midway among others enables the crew to unwind in the less congested destinations and thus, improve their productivity (Bachman, Schlangenstein, & Hughes, 2010). As the result, Southwest employees today have better capacity to champion effective asset utilization and predictable time-maintained performance. Owing to the operational similarity of Southwest Airlines to Air Tran, the new organization encourages its workforces to use simple strategies to achieve maximum customer satisfaction and growth. Wu (2012) suggested that these include control of oneself in the best and worst of times; using irreverence where it is necessary; being oneself; having fun on the job; being objective and serious when dealing with competition; tolerating diverse attitudes, provided the crew use their

Application essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Application - Essay Example Secondly, during the beginning of the last semester, I joined the Emory Volunteer Program. I have learnt a lot through the activities of the program. In addition, we had an opportunity to visit Furkid, an animal shelter that takes care of cats. The event was successful; we touched the lives of a number of animals. Another opportunity arose to visit Atlanta PAWS, a shelter for homeless dogs. We fed and cleaned the dogs while presenting a number of items for them. The management of the center was very pleased with our kindness while applauding the Emory fraternity for the kind-hearted deed. Thirdly, I am a member of the Sunday school of Tzu Ching Emory. This is an internationally recognized humanitarian non-governmental organization; it is the largest of its kind in the Chinese-speaking world. In addition, the NGO has a special consultative status in the UN economic and social council. We meet every Sunday to plan for the activities of the NGO as well as learning about its mandate. The motivation to join the NGO emanated from my strong passion for charity work. Fourthly, The Sight for Unit club attracted my attention while I was still fresh at Emory. This club has offered me a spectacular opportunity to be of help to others. The club’s mandate is to mobilize resources in aid of people that have lost sight and in need of help. Through the club, we have engaged in various money generating activities including selling of bubble tea and frozen yoghurt to the student community. This activity generated some substantial amount of money that we gave to Sight for Unit organization. Finally, this semester I founded the Emory Tea Ceremony club, a dream that came to me late last semester. The essence of having the club was to spread the Asian tea culture to the students at Emory. I am optimistic that the club will facilitate further celebration of cultural diversity at

Sara Lee Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sara Lee - Coursework Example Sara Lee also employs 137,000 persons worldwide. Key initiatives regarding manufacturing and quality processes need a higher level of reliability across every bakery, whereas an apparent business objective, constancy across each field operation brings considerable challenges. Challenges: â€Å"In The Netherlands, the Shop Account Managers of Sara Lee International keep in close contact with their retail channels. Due to the competitive nature of the retail market, it is of the utmost importance that the sales force is supported with a customer relationship management solution which is agile and responds to their requirements† (Lee, 2007). Retrenchment Strategy Assessment: Subsequent to Sara Lee’s retrenchment, the business is capable to give attention to its food service, food and beverage and worldwide businesses. Sara Lee’s key aims for its remaining business are to give attention to customer requirements and operating excellence, and at the same time in generating a physically powerful brand through wide modernizations and competitive pricing. The business successfully employs its retail meats, by selling them to its foodservice clientele. Its meat business has enlarged in sales and operating revenue, while professionally it has benefited by modernizations in grocery items. These modernizations boosted sales over $100 million, even while its core products’ sales were flat. The business holds 20% market share in a rising industry of approximately $10 billion. Sara Lee is one of the most significant market leaders in North America in retail breads. Sara Lee has positioned itself in mounting divisions and stalling unconnected segm ents in its body care product and household lines. These divisions function separately from core food items of Sara Lee’s businesses. The products of Sara Lee comprise bakery, household items, and beverage body care brands etc. Majority of the sales segment of sales is made in the western part of Europe. Sara Lee has a 9%market share of coffee, making it the second highest on earth. Its sales are exceed $1.7 billion, with the introduction of the most excellent selling coffee invention in Europe. While the continent has very strong needs for specialty coffees in that area, Sara Lee altered its most excellent selling coffee pans to dish up espresso and cappuccino drinks. The bakery line for the business has not been as flourishing throughout Europe. Customers choose extremely fresh-baked bread; on the other hand, Sara Lee can only offer packaged bread. While packaged bread merely creates 12% of the bread in market situation, it is expected to enlarge to 25% by 2015. Sara Leeâ⠂¬â„¢s bread also has been flourishing in Spain, while, where it dominates the nations with a 54 % market share. Sara Lee is at present not in an attractive market situation but if increase the packaged bread it may be capable to capture a huge market share. While it offers low-calorie food and desserts to its clientele, Sara Lee has met the requirements of its clientele and captured a bigger market share. Sara Lee’s holds the number one brand name of product Kiwi, shoe polish, which accumulates a worldwide market share of around 63%. And also its shoe polish reports for approximately 16% of the unit’s sales. Although Sara Lee’s has the leading brand of shower, the market is gradually rising at 1%. This averts the business from taking benefit of potential incomes in the market. The company possess almost 28% market share in the production

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry Public, private and voluntary sectors in the sports industry, advantages and disadvantages of the leisure centre being in the public sector, how the local leisure centre can meet the aim of getting more local clubs to use its facilities. Introduction â€Å"Since the opportunity to participate in sport or recreation requires facilities, the central task of organisations, and associated individuals, is to provide a service which focuses on people and which satisfies that need.†[1] The sports industry has changed beyond all recognition since the beginning of the 1990’s in each of the public, private and voluntary sectors. The impetus has come from top level government policy with the creation of the UK Sports Council and the formation of the chief sporting bodies such as Sport England offering both funding and structure to the previously ad hoc nature of leisure and recreation in modern Britain. Moreover, the lure of professional sport has also irrevocably changed in tandem with the structural changes in amateur sport with the result that there is, at the dawn of the twenty first century, more people are taking an active part in sport, which has further increased the pressure on local services such as leisure centres. There are though vast differences between the way that the public and private sector sports providers are run and funded as shall now become apparent. The Private Sector With regards to the sports industry, the private sector refers to those leisure services that are funded by private capital and open only to private membership. This can mean anything from specialist professional sports clubs to health and fitness clubs to local sports teams that have been established and sponsored by local and national businesses alike. The advantages of this kind of sporting industry are predominantly economic with the funding of private sports clubs historically far outstripping the economic resources available to equivalent public sector sports services. Certainly in the 1970’s and 1980’s, private sector sports industries were far more popular and productive than their public sector counterparts mirrored in the elevated sporting achievements of private school sporting institutions as opposed to the relative failings of the same public (comprehensive) school sports bodies. There are, however, inherent disadvantages to sports and leisure services that rely exclusively on the private sector for funding. First and foremost, there are no guarantees that the source of that funding will remain constant for any fixed length of time. Benefactors are subject to the ups and downs of the free market economy, which can result in sharp reductions as well as rises in the level of funding provided. In addition, any leisure service that is inexorably tied to the private sector also inevitably suffers from the lack of community spirit that can only be adequately garnered through association with the local public authorities. Thus, while the advantages to sports services in the private sector appear on the surface to be all encompassing, the reality is that the lack of stability that characterises all facets of the private sector economy hampers the sustained growth and popularity. The Public Sector â€Å"We know that sport can make a positive contribution to national morale, health and the economy. We believe that it can enhance community spirit, equality of opportunity, personal development and social integration.†[2] As the above quotation from the UK Sports Council in 1992 attests, the government has radically altered the way in which it views sport and the national leisure industry. The leisure industry is no longer seen as a vehicle through which to achieve solely sporting success; rather, sport within the corridors of power in Westminster is now seen as a way of combating such issues as obesity, social exclusion and perceived self‑competence. â€Å"Sports are vehicles of identity, providing people with a sense of difference and a way of classifying themselves and others.†[3] As a direct result, funding within the public sector has seen a sharp, unprecedented rise since the early 1990’s with the government acting as the focal point behind this increase in official spending. An investment of  £1.5 billion over the next five years by way of state sponsored assistance has been promised by Westminster to further increase the organisational structures and performance levels of adult and child athletes who train and practice within the public sector. This money, bolstered by funding generated from institutions such as the National Lottery, is delegated to local sports authorities within Sport England, Sport Wales, Sport Scotland or Sport Northern Ireland and injected into the local community. Furthermore, local government spends approximately  £1 billion per year on sport and leisure, which is more than 50% of the total resources available to sport. This financial injection is far beyond any investment proposed by private capital; in fact, because of this large economic discrepancy, the private sector has increasingly sought to form a partnership with the public sector in order to be associated with the vast increase in interest in sport as witnessed in recent years. Moreover, public sector sports services also get to reap the rewards of the government’s efforts at placing the country on the international sporting map. The 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and, more significantly, the 2012 Olympic Games to be held in London will prove to be long term sources of investment for all those with an active interest in public sector sporting services. Not only has funding vastly increased (with the cost to the government estimated to be in excess of  £1 billion for the 2012 Games), the facilities that have been and are being constructed are open to the public after the completion of the official competition. In Manchester this has served to open up a city centre swimming pool, an athletics track and a football stadium for use within the public sector. The results for London are likely to be much more wholesale than in Manchester. Moreover, as the new facilities and funding increase, so the burgeoning association between national identity, l ocal and central government and sport is further cemented. This has helped to push people into participating in public as opposed to private sports services, representing a significant turnaround from previous decades. Like private sector sporting institutions, public sector services are similarly riddled with pros and cons. The most obvious advantage at the present time is the aforementioned increase in public authority funding and facilities open to the public sector, exacerbated by a media that constantly underlines the partnership taking place between local government and sport. This is, however, a double edged sword as the major disadvantage to public sector sports services concerns the very nature of government. Ultimately, just because it has suited New Labour to promote participation in recreation and sport is not to state that the Tories would necessarily feel the same. Thus, public sector sports are subject to the same ups and down and insecurities that beset the private sector. The Voluntary Sector Voluntary organisations rely heavily upon both the community and private enterprises for funding; they therefore straddle the boundaries that have traditionally separated the public and private sectors. Once more, though, it is the unprecedented rise in government funding that has been the voluntary sector’s greatest asset. The revamped Department for Culture, Media and Sport set up the Community Club Development Programme (CCDP) specifically to deal with the funding problems regarding the facilities and personnel required for the successful operation of volunteer sports clubs. The CCDP will provide  £100 million to National Sports Governing Bodies by March 2008 for the construction and continuation of community based sports clubs. Advantages to this kind of sporting authority centre upon the lack of reliance solely upon the public or the private sector, while conversely, at the same time, the lack of constant source of funding makes the voluntary sector the most vulnerable within the current social and political climate. Conclusion There are vast disparities between the public and private sectors with the local voluntary leisure centre enjoying the benefits of both worlds. For as long as the current climate favours the sports and recreation industry, the community leisure centre will continue to reap the rewards of a society renewing a relationship with exercise that had previously become stale. At present there is an excess of people interested in taking part in leisure and sport that is wholly to the benefit of local leisure centres that are able to charge admission fees that are significantly less than those on offer in the private sector. In addition, excessive government funding signals that the economic means at the public and voluntary sectors are currently vastly superior to those of the private sector. However, in the final analysis, one should not presume that the imbalance in favour of the public sector will remain as it is indefinitely. Should leisure and sport once again find themselves on the peri phery of popular culture, we would surely see a reversal of contemporary trends with the balance tipped heavily in the private sector’s favour as is the case with health and education services. Politics, like economics, is subject to sweeping changes in a very short space of time. References Biddle, S., Sallis, J. and Cavill, N. (Eds.) (1998), Young and Active? Young People and Health Enhancing Physical Activity: Evidence and Implications London: Health Education Authority Elvin, I.T. (1990), Sport and Physical Recreation London: Longman Horne, J., Tomlinson, A. and Whannel, G. (2000), Understanding Sport: An Introduction to the Sociological and Cultural Analysis of Sport London: E FN SPON Hylton, K. (Ed.) (2001) Sports Development: Policy, Process and Practice London: Routledge MacClancey, J. (1996) Sport, Identity and Ethnicity Oxford: Berg Sport in the Nineties – New Horizons: a Draft Consultation (1992) London: UK Sports Council Footnotes [1] Elvin, I.T. (1990), Sport and Physical Recreation London: Longman, p.6 [2] Sport in the Nineties – New Horizons: a Draft Consultation (1992) London: UK Sports Council, p.75 [3] MacClancey, J. (1996) Sport, Identity and Ethnicity, Oxford: Berg, p.2

Erosion of Shorelines Essay -- Nature Environment Papers

Erosion of Shorelines The erosion of shorelines is a natural process that can have beneficial or adverse impacts on the creation and maintenance of habitats. Sands and gravels eroded from the shores of coastal bays maintain the beach as a natural barrier between the open water and coastal wetlands. Beaches move back and forth onshore, offshore and along shore with changing wave conditions. The finer-grained silts and clays derived from the erosion of shorelines are sorted and carried as far as the waters of wetlands or tidal flats, where benefits are derived from addition of the new material. However, excessively high sediment loads can smother submerged aquatic vegetation beds, cover shellfish beds and tidal flats, fill in riffle pools, and contribute to increased levels of turbidity and nutrients (http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter6/ch6-4.html). Longshore drift is the movement of sand parallel to the shoreline, in the â€Å"along-the-shore† direction (H. Nepf). Longshore drift is caused by the water waves breaking against the shore. As the waves break, they thrust water forward, creating movement of water in the direction the wave is traveling. If a wave approaches a beach at an angle, the forward rush of water is directed partially parallel and partially perpendicular to the shore. The parallel component of motion creates the longshore current, a steady movement of water parallel to the shoreline, that carries sand and contributes to the longshore drift. The longshore current is confined to the region where the waves break, called the surf zone (the frothy, white water created by the breaking waves). In regions of strong wave activity the longshore drift steadily carries sand away, eroding the coast. In... ...tions are poor or where little penetration is possible, a gravity-type structure such as a stone revetment may be preferable. However, all vertical protective structures (revetments, seawalls and bulkheads) built on sites with soft or unconsolidated bottom materials can experience scouring as incoming waves are reflected off the structures (http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter6/ch6-4.html). Shoreline erosion is a problem widely attributed to by commercial and residential development. Many methods can be used to prevent erosion and promote sand accumulation. However, most man-made structures are simply made to protect buildings and surrounding land, not the entire beach. Some believe beachfront homeowners should move their houses or simply move. Whatever the decision, erosion is a natural process and will continue whether a house exists in its path or not.